Essay on Pathophysiology Exam 1 - 5529 Words

NUR 300 Exam #1 1. Which of the following clients is at a high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy? a. A 4-year-old child born with cerebral palsy and confined to a wheelchair b. A 44-year-old noncompliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications c. A 17-year-old with a diving injury resulting in paraplegia d. A 78-year-old patient with Alzheimer disease who received a third-degree burn following an oven fire 2. A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the clients muscle cells? a. Reduced oxygen consumption and cellular function that ensures muscle cell survival b. A†¦show more content†¦Mast cells e. T lymphocytes 10. A 77-year-old male client with a diagnosis of stomach cancer has been found to have metastases in his liver. The client and his family are surprised at this turn of events, stating that they do not see how he could have developed cancer in his liver. Which of the following facts would underlie the reply that the care team provides? a. Hepatic stromal tissue shares characteristics with cancerous cells, including lack of anchorage dependence. b. The parenchymal tissue of the liver is particularly susceptible to secondary malignancies. c. The proximity of the liver to the stomach allows for direct spread of cancerous cells due to a lack of contact inhibition. d. The portal circulatory system brings venous blood from the GI tract into the liver. 11. A 41-year-old female with a family history of breast cancer has had a baseline mammogram. She states that she performs monthly self-breast exams but really has a hard time evaluating her lumps since she has numerous cysts. At her annual mammogram, the technician views a suspicious area and refers her to the radiologist. She asks the nurse in the office, How can a lump appear so quickly? The nurses response is based on which of the following principles? a. Cancer cells are undifferentiated and come in various shapes and sizes. b. If the breast has a lot of cysts, then the fluid within those sacs makes it difficult to feel the hard lumps of a cancer. c. Many tumor cells never leaveShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Essay937 Words   |  4 Pages1. A 21 year-old college student notices that she frequently develops â€Å"cold sores† during stressful final exam week.    1. What is the association between stress and the immune system? The human body has a built in stress response system that usually self regulates. When a threat is perceived the body deploys white blood cells to the area of the body that is under attack (Segerstrom amp; Miller, 2006). Because of this, less important cellular activities are reduced and the immune systemRead MoreTimetable: Touring Car Racing and Life Science Team1676 Words   |  7 PagesKilloran Barbara.killoran@uws.ac.uk 0141 849 4282 Year 2 Timetable Trimester 1 - Week 1 September 11 cohort Date | 9am-12.00pm | Lunch | 1.00pm-4.00pm | Mon CAPS17/09/12 | M004 amp; F309 9-10am Intro to module J.White amp; B KilloranM004 10am-11am Patient Assessment Workshop (1amp;2) J.WhiteE337 12- 1pm Patient Assessment workshop | | E337 2-4pm PatientRead MoreThe Issues Associates with Acute Renal Failure1025 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to WebMD (2011), â€Å"the pathophysiology of pre-renal acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in blood flow to the kidney causes a loss of kidney function. In pre-renal acute renal failure, there is nothing wrong with the kidney itself.† The pathophysiology of intra-renal acute renal failure is when there is damage directly done to the kidneys from either inflammation, infection, drugs, toxins, or a reduced blood supply to the kidneys. The pathophysiology of post-renal acute renal failureRead MoreCase Study on a Patient with Appendicitis1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthings. Occupation: He works at the Nasinu Town Council as a Carpenter Family History: -his father is a known diabetic patient and his grandmother died of leukemia -his paternal uncle had died from septicemia. Social History: Cigarettes 1 pack per week x 12years now; he stopped smoking in 2000 and continued again recently. He drinks alcohol occasionally when a function occurs at home. Social drinker. He has been married for 18years; he has 4 children who are healthy. He is currently aRead MoreCase Study 3 Congestive Heart Failure Essay689 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Case Study 3 – Congestive Heart Failure Patient Case Question 1. Based on the limited amount of information given above, do you suspect that this patient has developed left-sided CHF, right-sided CHF, or total CHF? right-sided CHF Patient Case Question 2. How did you arrive at your answer to Question 1? right-sided CHF = fluid may back up into your abdomen, legs and feet, causing swelling. Patient Case Question 3. What is a likely cause for this patient’s heart failure? IncreasingRead MoreSyphilis : A Thin Spiral Organism Of The Treponema Species1490 Words   |  6 PagesSyphilis Fact Sheet Karyanne Castle 1. Etiology/Pathophysiology/Incidence/Prevalence: †¢ Etiology: Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by T. Pallidum, a thin spiral organism of the Treponema species of spirochaetales. Syphilis is almost always caused by sexual contact with infected lesions, but can rarely be spread through nonsexual personal contact, infection in-utero, blood transfusion, or organ transplantation. †¢ Incidence/Prevalence: The invention of penicillin has drastically decreased theRead MoreTypes And Types Of Pneumothorax1381 Words   |  6 Pagesprimary spontaneous pneumothorax, secondary traumatic pneumothorax, iatrogenic pneumothorax, and open or tension pneumothorax. Along with the discussion of the pathophysiology, the topics such as diagnostic tests and primary diagnosis, pharmacological interventions, vulnerable groups, and the nursing diagnosis are also examined. Pathophysiology Primary spontaneous pneumothorax, occurs unexpectedly in healthy people, and it is often caused by the rupture of blebs which are blister-like formations, onRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure1262 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst understand the risks and causes of this condition. Education plays a key role in order to recognize the clinical manifestations and necessary actions to best treat and prevent congestive heart failure before the patient’s prognosis is poor. Pathophysiology Congestive heart failure occurs when a part of the heart is unable to efficiently keep up a sufficient cardiac output to supply blood to the lungs or the entire body. The heart either becomes too weak or too stiff. Many times, heart failureRead MoreDifferences For General Anxiety Disorders1768 Words   |  8 Pageslimited to ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, caffeine, nicotine; Illicit drug effects including but not limited to alcohol, amphetamines, marijuana, cocaine. (Dunphy, p. 988; table 17.2). 1 points Q U E S T I O N 5 1. Mr. R.L., a 44 year-old Caucasian male presents to your office for a health maintenance physical exam. His past medical history is significant only for a 6 month history of daily, pervasive sadness, feelings of fatigue, worthlessness, anhedonia, decreased libido, and decreased concentrationRead MoreThe General Internal Medicine Ward940 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent services to identify diagnosis and management plan. Throughout my medical career, I have strived to succeed with the best of my abilities. I completed all of my courses with above average scores. I have successfully passed my Step 1, 2 CS and CK, and MCCEE exams on first attempt. I have used my knowledge to help fellow colleagues by offering mentorship in to MD3 Neuroscience students while I was in MD4. As a clerk during internal medicine core rotation I had the opportunity to work in both hospital

Cigarette Prices And Developing A Culture Of No Smoking By...

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to examine the suggestion of cigarette prices and developing a culture of no smoking by rising taxes on cigarettes. Methods: Data on smoking has been selected from the secondary sources. Status of smokers in West Virginia can be observed by the available facts and figures in different newspapers, 99 Results: The odds ratio for being a smoker was 1.21 where no-smoking by-laws were relatively infrequent and 1.26 when cigarettes are relatively low-cost, after changing for separate age, gender, schooling, and matrimonial status. Conclusion: Both cigarette prices can keep away smokers from smoking as it can be an operative tool in regulating smoking. Introduction: In 2014, Virginia s mature smoking rate in fact uplift somewhat and at 19.5 out of a hundred was complex than the state average (18.1%), standing the city at 31st. The proportion of individuals smoking in Virginia in 2014 was lesser than in another state Tennessee which had 24.2%, but advanced than in North Carolina 9.1% or Maryland had 14.6%. Utah was the foremost state with a smoking ratio of fair 9.7 percent. The Virginia Establishment for Strong Youth freshly reported that the fraction of high institute scholars in Virginia who are consistent smokers has dropped by more than 59 percent since 2001 -- from 28.7 percent to 12.1 out of a hundred in 2013. Though, 2014 statistics from the CDC s Social Danger Issue Investigation System (BRFSS) specifies that smokingShow MoreRelatedSocial And Ethical Standards For The Tobacco Companies3005 Words   |  13 Pagesa high expectation to adhere to set out by the stakeholders; customers or consumers, employees, managers, directors, and shar eholders etc, to go beyond just the traditional ways of only making products to profit. In the stakeholders’ eyes, paying taxes and job creation are the sole contribution to the society. They express their concerns to address social and ethical standards for the tobacco companies. Philanthropy social responsibility is very much needed to protect the society and its environmentRead MoreExternal Environment Of The Brewing Industry1774 Words   |  8 Pagesthe younger beer drinking population. Secondly, the fact that many governments around Europe have passed laws banning smoking in public bars, restaurants etc. may affect sales as many people would have formerly gone into bars and pubs to have a beer and a cigarette. Instead, now they may stay at home and drink, buying their beer from large supermarket chains who often use cut-price offers on beer to lure people into their supermarkets (Johnson et al., 2012). In addition to this, new laws such as theRead MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 Pages............................................................................................... 17 Dining Out ............................................................................................................................... 18 Cafà © Culture ........................................................................................................................... 19 Snacking Habits .............................................................. .........................................Read MoreThe Unethical And Unconstitutional Soda Tax And Ban3892 Words   |  16 Pagesaccumulation of body fat that is usually 20% or more over an individual’s ideal body weight for their specific height, age and gender (Free Medical Dictionary 2007). Body weight and obesity risk are a result of genes, metabolism, behavior, environment, culture and socioeconomic status, wherein behavior and environment play two of the largest roles (University of Drexel 2015). People make decisions based on their environment or community which influence their health decisions and due to this it is essentialRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 PagesInstructors adopt different approaches in their application of the case analysis method. Some require active learners/students to use a specific analytical procedure to examine an organisation; others provide less structure, expecting students to learn by developing their own unique analytical meth od. Still other instructors believe that a moderately structured framework should be used to analyse a firm’s situation and make appropriate recommendations. Your lecturer or tutor will determine the specific approachRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesSchool Life 35 University Life 36 Adult Learning 37 Table 40 School Students: 2005-2009 37 Table 41 Higher Education Students: 2005-2009 38 Eating (including Soft Drinks) 38 Shopping for Food and Drinks 38 Dining in 40 Dining Out 40 Cafà © Culture 40 Table 42 Consumer Expenditure on Food (Current Value): 2005-2009 41 Table 43 Consumer Expenditure on Food (Constant 2009 Value): 2005-2009 41 Table 44 Consumer Expenditure on Food (Constant 2009 Value): 2010-2020 41 Table 45 Consumer ExpenditureRead MoreComment on How Changes in Macro and Market Environment Forces Impact on the Level of Competition in an Industry.18606 Words   |  75 Pagesand 19 and 20 respectively. 3.1 A Political and Legal Forces olitical and legal forces can inï ¬â€šuence marketing decisions by setting the rules by which business can be conducted. For example, smoking bans in public places can have dramatic short- and long-term eï ¬â‚¬ects on the demand for cigarettes. Because of politicians’ power to aï ¬â‚¬ect business activities, companies try to cultivate close relationships with them, both to monitor political moods and also to inï ¬â€šuence them. Sometimes, sizable contributionsRead MoreTrader Joes in Denmark6642 Words   |  27 Pagesorganic, sustainable, grocery market in Denmark. The following document supports the efforts of Trader Joe’s to enter in the Copenhagen, Denmark, by detailing the situational analysis, performing a SWOT analysis, developed marketing strategies, and developing supply chain strategies. Businesses need to continually expand in order to have sustained success in this ever-changing global market place. Moreover, current and prospective customers from the developed world are looking for the added value ofRead MorePorter Five Force Analysis of Indian Food Processing Industry9734 Words   |  39 Pagesprocessing industry Introduction of Food Processing Industry The History of Food Processing Industry The origin of food processing goes all the way back to ancient Egypt, yet the period of those developments seems to symbolize the history of the culture of mankind. Nowadays, bread, which is characterized by its use of the fermentation action of yeast and which uses wheat flour as its raw material, is baked all over the world. The origins of beer also go back to Babylon and Egypt in the period fromRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 Pagesabuse and its consequences for families, health, education, crime and employment. Part three covers the interaction between drug abuse and development, including efforts by the international community to facilitate economic and social progress in developing countries. Development is addressed in the broad sense of the word, i.e. it comprehends not simply economic development but also sound environmental practices, social conditions and the meeting of basic needs. Part three describes some of the negative

The Growth Of American Business Essay - 2120 Words

The growth of American business from the late 19th century to the present has led to unprecedented wealth and prosperity in the United States. Referred to by some as a â€Å"virtuous cycle,† industrial growth in America not only led to greater output and consumer choice, but also increased the average American’s standard of living. Progress and innovation as well as job creation and an increase in leisure time are only a few more examples of the way business and industrial growth has positively impacted America. However, a consistent number of Americans have looked beyond these immediately positive developments in order to investigate the subtler threat big business poses to the American way of life. Popular literature and movies have viewed American business and Wall Street through a critical lens and examined this underlying threat. Films like The Apartment (1960), Wall Street (1987), and Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (2005) with narrative arcs centered on the corporation and its role in society may be, in this way, indicators of a cultural ethos regarding big business in America. Similarly, the writings of popular philosophers, political thinkers, and public figures play a significant role in the formation of mainstream opinion and pop culture. â€Å"Other People’s Money,† written by Louis Brandeis in 1914, is one example of the type of business-related rhetoric that may have echoed or even influenced the way American society regarded business during the Progressive Era.Show MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And Their Economical Progression And Lack Thereof1043 Words   |  5 Pagesparticular assignment, I have chosen to focus on African Americans and their economical progression and lack thereof. African Americans or â€Å"Blacks† have migrated down to the south to create better lives for themselves. In today’s society, there are many African Americans that have the desire to own their own businesses. However, th ere are also many African Americans who do own their own businesses. In my opinion, it is very important for African Americans to own their own businesses. It is also vital thatRead MoreThe Benefits of Offshore Outsourcing Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesActually, offshore outsourcing can promote economic growth in some ways. First off, what exactly is offshore outsourcing? Simply put, offshore outsourcing is a business tactic where a company sends a part of their service to another country to be run by a different company. Offshore outsourcing has been seen as a negative business tactic. However, it affects the economy in some positive ways, such as it fuels business competition, it helps business growth, and it opens up new and different types of jobsRead MoreGovernment Business Relations1518 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment business relations American businesses wield much political powers. This has been there for quite some time. Prior to the Civil War, some Americans worried less about the power of businesses. This was partly due to the fact that firms at this time were relatively small. This restricted the powers of the proprietors to local political arenas. When multinational corporations emerged in the late 19th Century the role played by businesses in the political scenes completely changed. TensionsRead More Business Culture: China vs. the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness Culture: China vs. the United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cultures are varying among different parts of the globe. People with different cultures have different characteristics and viewpoints on the subjects due to diverse understanding and method of learning. During the past few decades, the international trade grows in a very rapid rate due to the advantages that it provides; â€Å"increased sales, operational efficiencies, exposure to new technologies and broader consumer choices† (Heslin). ThereforeRead MoreDoing Business At Mexico : A Largest And Most Open Economies1108 Words   |  5 PagesDoing Business in Mexico Mexico is one of the largest and most open economies in the world. It has only a handful of strategic sectors or industries not yet open to private investment. Mexico is forecasting an economic growth rate between 2% and 3% over the next fiscal year so it is important to understand the different aspects of what is involved with doing business in Mexico. Basic geographical information, cultural diversity, and proper business etiquette will all play a large role in businessRead MoreTax Reform : Stimulate Economic Growth1326 Words   |  6 Pagesto stimulate economic growth in America There is an ominous shadow hanging over America consuming its wealth, and dividing its people over the promise of fair and equal treatment. American debt has no rival in the modern world, and it continues to spiral out of control as politicians’ debate solutions that would bring it under control. To manage this debt citizens are burdened with a federal income tax system that is inefficient, discriminatory and cumbersome to the American people. Since the federalRead MoreCase Study : Growing A Company By International Acquisition810 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor ways in which a company can grow. Give examples to illustrate the two ways of growing. When a company is starting or expanding internationally it can develop by inorganic growth or organic growth. An inorganic growth refers to the growth of the company by merging with other companies or by the takeover. This type of growth provides with an existing customer base, channels of distribution, and access to new markets. When companies merge, they share resources and knowledge. On the other hand, whenRead MoreINTRODUCTION As companies and governments look to projections of the future, they would do well to1000 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies abroad. While some Americans prefer to keep business ventures in the states for domestic employment level reasons, companies should look to international enterprises to remain profitable. Domestic economic growth is slowing, Western companies are beginning to see competition, and rapid communications are allowing customers everywhere to purchase products made anywhere around the globe. I In the past, Western economies have been the motor of rapid growth, ahead of emerging markets suchRead MorePorter s Five Forces Model1539 Words   |  7 PagesPorter s Five Forces Model Introduction The cosmetic industry is influenced by a wide range of factors that affect market growth and profits for businesses. The cosmetic industry has continued to record a substantial strong growth over the years and developed as one of the industries holding the highest potential for further development and growth. The market characteristics can reduce or increase the chances of success for new market entrants (Porter, 2008). Using Porter’s five forces model, businessesRead MoreEssay on wealth inequality in america1518 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Trevyn Maruyama Suzuki 6 Closing the Income Gap In today’s capitalist economy, where economic transactions and business in general is centered on self-interest, there is a natural tendency for some people to make more than others. That is the basis for the â€Å"American Dream,† where people, if they worked hard, could make money proportional to their effort. However, what happens when this natural occurrence grows disproportional in its allocation of wealth within a society? The resulting issue becomes

Organisational Strategy and Leadership Environment

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Strategy and Leadership Environment. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to assess the external environmental factors affecting the manufacturing industry in Australia. The profitability of Australian industry has been changing over time (Valadkhani and Smyth 2016). The 509 industry classes have been aggregated as 19 industry divisions (Media.ibisworld.com.au 2015). The report firstly discusses the profitability of industry and the factors driving the profitability structure. It is observed that administration and support services are the most profitable industry in Australia. All the industries are of equal industry and there is no such thing as a bad industry (Media.ibisworld.com.au 2015). There are some industries that experience rapid growth while the others are experiencing slow growth. Further, the factor changes in the future and the effect of such changes in the industry profitability are also discussed. The PESTLE framework is adopted to study the external factors in detail. Overview of Manufacturing Industry The importance of manufacturing industry in Australia has been declining as the output and contribution has decreased to less than half in the recent decades. The GDP share of the manufacturing industry in 2013-14 was 6.5% (Aph.gov.au 2016). Further, the decline in manufacturing industry has been constantly falling with no signs of abating. The manufacturing industry is a major contributor towards employment as over a million people are employed. Manufacturing also contributes to technological innovation. The value generated by the Australian manufacturing industry is $96.8 billion annually that represents 8.7% of the overall GDP (Aph.gov.au 2016). The manufacturing industry is linked to other industries such as agriculture, mining, and services. The manufacturing industry has an indirect multiplier effect as the chain of activities resulting from it affects operations, logistics and distribution. The hottest destination of manufacturing activity is conducted in New South Wales and Victoria in comparison with Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and Northern Territory (Aph.gov.au 2016). According to Pickering (2014), manufacturing industry needs to shift from heavy industrial towards technologically advanced production. The Australian manufacturing industry has lost 200,000 jobs as the economy has transitioned from manufacturing to services (Pickering 2014). Even though manufacturing industry has been declining, it continues to be a source of economic prosperity in Australia. The manufacturing industry requires both concerted action and market-based competition from industry leaders, governments, and health sectors. However, there is a strong need for changing and addressing the real economic forces to protect the manufacturing industry (Smith 2014). Profitability of the Manufacturing Industry The profitability of the manufacturing industry has been low since 2001-02 in comparison with other businesses (Aph.gov.au 2016). The other businesses have increased an increase in gross operating profit margin from 10.9 to 12.7 percent between 2001- 2014 (Aph.gov.au 2016). However, for the same period there has been a decline in manufacturing business from 9.5 to 7.8 percent (Aph.gov.au 2016). Therefore, there has been a gap created in profitability of manufacturing and other businesses. The performance of manufacturing index as obtained through survey of firms indicates a contracting or declining activity as the value was less than 50 in the last 10 years (Aph.gov.au 2016). The manufacturing industry has contracted continually over the last four years, though the rate of contraction slowed somewhat in 201314 (Aph.gov.au 2016). Factors Driving Profit Structure The Australian manufacturing industry is suffering from a long-standing malaise. The current situation of the industry brings the following factors into focus- The high Australian dollar value makes it difficult for the Australian manufacturers or producers to compete in the global market. Therefore, the imports are cheaper than making exports. However, with the recent decline in the dollar amount, the productivity damage has already been done. The overvaluation of Australian dollar has made it harder for trade exposed activities to minimize the gap through mining. This has also resulted in a loss of jobs thereby intensifying import competition (Green 2015). All economies experience a change in technology and consumer demand. Therefore, the share of profit and output has declined in the manufacturing industry. There has been deterioration in the Australias productivity levels since 1990s (Green 2015). This deterioration not only affects the current and future issues, but also adds to the competitiveness levels. As Australia is a high cost economy, there is a need for a shift to mass protection that would be more flexible in the value chains and global markets. The term is also known as smart specialisation (Green 2015). The long-term decline in the Australia manufacturing industry is because of the long-standing policy indifference. This is leading to hostility from several economic agencies such as the reserve Bank, the Treasury and the Productivity Commission. Further, Australia is also committed to a neoliberal ideology of producing only the things that have innate or natural advantage over other nations. The Australian government provided manufacturing assistance worth $6.9 billion in 2004-05 (Green 2015). The industry policy is moving towards a more market-driven assistance. Therefore, the Australian government abandoned systematic industry policy leading to cat and mouse games between MNCs and Federal governments. The waste generated from manufacturing activities is increasingly giving rise to pollutants. Recycling is one the core activities carried in the manufacturing sector. The laws and regulations are restricting the manufacturing industries to limit production due to high amount of waste generation (Abs.gov.au 2016). Since the 1940s, the manufacturing industry has been a major employer. The slowing of growth due to rise in oil prices has also changed the sectors of Australian economy. At the same time new social reforms, wage rises, and a devaluation of the dollar saw a great increase in the rate of inflation. These changes affected all sectors of the Australian economy, particularly manufacturing, which had to face increasing competition from the newly industrialised countries of Asia (Abs.gov.au 2016). During the period 1985-86 to 1995-96 overall employment in manufacturing industries continued to decline (Abs.gov.au 2016). The number of workers employed decreased by 1.5% (Abs.gov.au 2016). Factor Changes in Future and its Effect on Profitability As analysed, Australian manufacturing industry share has been declining that raises a major concern if it has a future. In a rapidly changing world, several attempts are made to make the present better and making the future transformative and agile (Strezov, Evans and Evans 2013). The PESTLE analysis framework is used to analyse the macro-environment and its effects in the future of Australia manufacturing industry. Political factors are the ones that determine the influence of government on a certain industry or economy. It involves tax policies, trade tariffs and various other forces that governs the business environment. Australia has a sector-neutral industry policy. There are no manufacturing portfolio except for Victoria that has a specific minister for manufacturing. Therefore, the government plays a crucial role in enhancing the manufacturing industry in Australia as the GDP needs to be balanced. Australia must remove tariff barriers that are acting as a hindrance in the export of production (Mazzarol 2014). The Commonwealth Government must play a crucial role in managing the overall economy, keeping inflation and unemployment low. Budget decisions can also lessen the economic aspects in the manufacturing industry of Australia. The government must make sustainable fiscal policies so that the investment in the manufacturing industry can be increased (Ncoa.gov.au 2016). The economic forces determine the economys performance such as economic growth patterns, inflation rate, currency trends and others that have long-term impacts. The greatest fear among the Aussie manufacturers is the rising Aussie dollar. It has been rising continuously and the sector shall continue to be at a risk if it continues to surge. The trade exposed manufacturers shall find a low Australian dollar beneficial. There is an expected global decline in the manufacturing sector in the coming years. The middle class markets are emerging that are leading to rising economic power of women. Further, the labour substituting technologies such as additive manufacturing are lowering the demand growth (Murphy 2016). It is expected that the minimum wages in the manufacturing sector shall rise up to $760 by 2020 that makes the sector less vulnerable (Tradingeconomics.com 2016). The social factors scrutinize the determinants such as population, cultural trends and lifestyle of the people. These are inculcated in the industries to address the socio-cultural forces. The consumers are shifting towards corporate social responsibility. The people are shifting towards clean, lean and green sustainability. The key skills possessed by Australians such as innovation, skills and knowledge are increasing the productivity and prosperity. The Australian manufacturing industry is partnering in global supply chains to meet the increasing demand of middle class for high value-added products. The manufacturing industry has begun to address individual customer needs and mass customization. This is changing the scenario of the manufacturing industry and leading towards a better future of the industry. The manufacturing sector is also providing training opportunities to the people such as apprenticeships that would further lead to innovation (Shahiduzzaman and Alam 2014). The technological forces affects the industry as it mainly involves innovation i technology, automation of processes and research and development. With the advancement in technologies, a stronger innovation culture is being developed. The increase in communication, digital computing and information technology is changing the manufacturing industry scenario. The manufacturing industry is taking technological challenges to raw materials and supply chains. Sustainable manufacturing is providing new technologies and methods to manufacture lightweight structure and less waste. The Australian manufacturers are seeking to sell solutions rather than tangible products. With innovative thinking, investment in un-tried technologies is being made which expands the scope of enhancement of the manufacturing industry. These technologies are necessitating a shift of the industries towards biotechnology and nanotechnology that shall benefit the manufacturing sector for good (Torugsa, ODonohue and Hec ker 2011). Certain laws affect a countrys industrial patterns such as safety standards, consumer laws, industrial laws and others that influence the pattern. Several laws govern the manufacturing industry scenario in Australia. The Environment Protection (Site Contamination) Amendment Act 2007 protects the manufacturers from site contamination (Sa.gov.au 2016). Other dangerous substances are also prohibited from exposure under Dangerous Substances Act 1979 that includes activities such as handling, conveyance, quality and disposal of hazardous substances (Sa.gov.au 2016). The environmental factors are not limited to climate change, geographical location or environmental offsets and influence the entire surrounding environment. Manufacturing accounts for a substantial use of Australias energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The manufacturing industry is moving towards a cleaner energy future and low carbon scheme that is challenging the energy-intensive sector. However, a wide range of incentives for adopting such practices are provided to the manufacturers that shall help in creating a low carbon economy. Further, as the natural resources are being consumed increasingly, the manufacturers are attempting to achieve resource efficiency that should solve the issue of resource scarcity. Industrial ecology shall help in creating zero waste manufacturing processes that would form an important part of the environmental system. Conclusion Conclusively, the manufacturing industry is not doing very well currently. However, the upcoming changes shall change the future scenario of manufacturing industry. It is observed that administration and support services are the most profitable industry in Australia. The manufacturing industry has an indirect multiplier effect as the chain of activities resulting from it affects operations, logistics and distribution. Even though manufacturing industry has been declining, it continues to be a source of economic prosperity in Australia. The high Australian dollar value makes it difficult for the Australian manufacturers or producers to compete in the global market. Australia is a high cost economy, there is a need for a shift to mass protection that would be more flexible in the value chains and global markets. The industry policy is moving towards a more market-driven assistance. References Abs.gov.au, 2016.4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 1997. [online] Abs.gov.au. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/828adb6574d4875bca2570ec001b1f52!OpenDocument [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Abs.gov.au, 2016.4655.0 - Australian Environmental-Economic Accounts, 2016. [online] Abs.gov.au. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4655.0 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Aph.gov.au, 2016.Performance of manufacturing industry: a quick guide Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/Quick_Guides/Manufacturing [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Green, R., 2015.How Australia got left behind in manufacturing and innovation. [online] Radio National. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/how-australia-got-left-behind-in-manufacturing-and-innovation/6163528 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Mazzarol, T., 2014.Does it matter if Australia no longer manufactures things?. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/does-it-matter-if-australia-no-longer-manufactures-things-25541 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Media.ibisworld.com.au, 2015.Profitability Across Our Industries : Media Centre. [online] Media.ibisworld.com.au. Available at: https://media.ibisworld.com.au/2015/07/08/profitability-across-our-industries/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Murphy, J., 2016.Australia has reached the point of no return. [online] NewsComAu. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/australia-has-reached-the-point-of-no-return-its-time-to-forget-about-making-stuff/news-story/a9be2733741e638f1aff3addaf436242 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Ncoa.gov.au, 2016.2.2 What should governments do?. [online] Ncoa.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ncoa.gov.au/report/phase-one/part-a/2-2-what-should-governments-do.html [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Pickering, C., 2014.Australian manufacturing: From dying industry to dream factory?. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/business-spectator/australian-manufacturing-from-dying-industry-to-dream-factory/news-story/0a7c16655c593fb6ec14346a5886aeb2 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Sa.gov.au, 2016.sa.gov.au - Manufacturing industry legislation. [online] Sa.gov.au. Available at: https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/business-and-trade/licensing-and-regulation/industry-legislation/manufacturing-industry-legislation [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Shahiduzzaman, M. and Alam, K., 2014. Information technology and its changing roles to economic growth and productivity in Australia.Telecommunications Policy, 38(2), pp.125-135. Smith, J., 2014.Why the Australian economy still needs manufacturing. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/why-the-australian-economy-still-needs-manufacturing-31913 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Strezov, V., Evans, A. and Evans, T., 2013. Defining sustainability indicators of iron and steel production.Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, pp.66-70. Torugsa, N., ODonohue, W. and Hecker, R., 2011. Capabilities, Proactive CSR and Financial Performance in SMEs: Empirical Evidence from an Australian Manufacturing Industry Sector.Journal of Business Ethics, 109(4), pp.483-500. Tradingeconomics.com, 2016.Australia Minimum Weekly Wage Forecast 2016-2020. [online] Tradingeconomics.com. Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/minimum-wages/forecast [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Valadkhani, A. and Smyth, R., 2016. The effects of the motor vehicle industry on employment and research innovation in Australia.International Journal of Manpower, 37(4), pp.684-708.